Shrinkage cracks that develop before the cement paste, mortar, grout, or concrete sets.

Plastic shrinkage cracks are caused by the rapid loss of waterfrom the surface of the concrete before the concrete has hadtime to set. These cracks form after concrete placement andconsolidation, while the concrete is still plastic. They arerelatively shallow in depth and tend to form in parallel to one another. The cracks are unappealing but rarely cause significant damage to the strength or durability of the floor due to theirshallow depth.

Plastic Shrinkage Cracking is more likely tooccur when:

• There is a rapid loss of moisture from the surface of the concrete
• There is low relative humidity
• There is high ambient air or concrete temperatures
• High winds are blowing across the slab surface
• Limited bleed water is present in the concrete resulting inrapid surface moisture loss

How to avoid problems with Plastic ShrinkageCracks:

• Consider erecting wind screens or sunshades to reduce the surface evaporation rate
• Utilize fog spraying equipment on the up-wind side of theslab to maintain the relative humidity of the slab at 100%
• Consider pre-dampening the sub-grade during hot dry weather to reduce the moisture loss from the concreteinto the subgrade
• Consider the use of synthetic fibres to resist the tensile forcescreated during the plastic shrinkage period
• Consider placing the concrete during off-hours to avoid high temperature, high wind, high sun exposure periods
• Consider the use of evaporation retardant chemicals appliedbetween the various finishing operations to prevent the rapid loss of moisture from the surface of the concrete

Cracking of a structure or member due to failure in tension caused by external or internal restraints as reduction in moisture content develops, carbonation occurs, or both.

Concrete both expands and contracts with changes in moistureand temperature and deflects depending on the element size, reinforcing, loading force and support conditions. All thesefactors can lead to uncontrolled cracking if the proper designand joint details are not addressed prior to the time of construction. In order to prevent uncontrolled shrinkage cracking, the designer and the contractor should effectivelyutilize the following concrete jointing systems:

• Isolation Joints – Joints that permit both horizontal andvertical movement between the slab and the adjacentconcrete
• Contraction Joints – Joints that permit horizontal movement ofthe slab and induce controlled cracking at pre-selectedlocations
• Construction Joints – Joints that are stopping places in the process of construction

Uncontrolled Shrinkage Cracking is morelikely to occur when:

• The designer or contractor has not developed a proper jointing system and layout prior to the start of concreteplacement
• The sub-grade is not properly prepared and compacted
• There is jobsite addition of excessive amounts of water
• Improper finishing procedures are implemented or theinstallation of contraction joints is not completed in a timelyfashion
• There is inadequate concrete curing

How to avoid problems with Uncontrolled Shrinkage Cracks:

• Ensure that the subgrade is adequately prepared based upon the exposure and loading conditions that the slab will beexposed to during its service This includes using theappropriate thickness of granular sub-base for theapplication and properly compacting the sub-base
• Ensuring positive drainage of both the sub-grade and theconcrete surface to avoid the build-up of high moisture levels
• Utilizing the proper concrete for the application (See CSA 1minimum durability requirements)
• The designer and the contractor should review the concretejointing details prior to the start of the Items to consider include concrete thickness, maximum joint spacing (4.5m max.), fibre reinforcement, structural reinforcement and early installation of contraction joints
• Implement curing procedures as soon as possible to ensurethat the performance properties develop

The dislodging of small sections of concrete mortar directly over top of the coarse aggregate particles in exteriorconcrete exposed to freeze/thaw conditions.

Mortar flaking typically occurs in exterior flatwork that was not properly cured during the first 7 days. Mortarflaking is typically very shallow in depth and consists of distinct delamination (flakes) that occur directly over topof the coarse aggregate particles in the concrete. This is typically due to the fact that the concrete mortardirectly over top of the coarse aggregate was allowed to dry out and was not properly cured. Any excess bleedwater that is present in the concrete is forced to travel around the coarse aggregate particles, as it rises to the surface and the mortar directly above fails to develop the necessary strength required to achieve properdurability and bond.

Mortar Flaking is more likely to occur when:

• The concrete is placed during periods of rapid surface drying
• When the concrete is not cured at all
• When curing compound is applied too late after concrete placement or not until the following day

How to avoid problems with Mortar Flaking:

• Ensure the proper curing procedures are followed at all times! Proper concrete curing should eliminate thisproblem
• During periods of rapid surface drying consider using initial curing procedures like evaporation retardants orplacing plastic sheeting over the concrete surface between finishing operations
• Consider the use of wet curing methods during severe drying and hot weather conditions
• Consider the use of fog spraying systems to protect the surface of the concrete from drying out until wetcuring can be initiated

Conical fractures of the concrete surface caused by the expansion of ice inside porous coarse aggregates located justbelow the concrete surface.

Popouts result when soft porous aggregates, found both in limestone and gravel sources, undergo freeze/thawconditions in a saturated state. While air entrainment provides protection for the cement paste from the expansive forces generated during winter freeze/thaw cycles, it does not provide any protection for the coarse aggregateparticles. If the local aggregate sources contain even a small percentage of soft, porous particles (like chert), thecoarse aggregate can absorb significant quantities of moisture and fractures during freeze/thaw cycles. The resulting expansion fractures both the aggregate and the surrounding concrete. Popouts are distinguished from mortar flakingby the presence of fractured aggregate in the popout (as shown in the sample photo).

Popouts are more likely to form when:

• The local aggregate sources contain soft, porous material
• The concrete is in a fully saturated condition
• The concrete hasn’t achieved its ultimate durability potential due to inadequate curing

How to avoid problems with Popouts:

• Consider the use of alternative aggregate sources. This may require the import of aggregates at a significantadditional expense
• Consider changes to the aggregate processing process to further reduce the quantity of soft porous material (the complete elimination of all soft material is not normally possible)
• Ensure that the overall design minimizes the build-up of excess moisture in the This can be achieved through proper surface grading and draining of the surrounding subgrade
• Ensure that proper concrete curing and protection practices are followed to achieve the highest possible concretedurability

Consider the use of sealers to limit the inflow moisture into the concrete